Permanent His bundle pacing at the time of atrioventricular node ablation: A 3-dimensional mapping approach

Introduction Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has shown a significant clinical benefit over right ventricular pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and a high ventricular pacing requirement. Traditionally, CRT has relied on coronary sinus (CS) lead placement through the use of fluoroscopy and venography. Three-dimensional (3D) electroanatomic mapping has been used as an alternative technique for CS lead placement. Recently, permanent His bundle pacing has emerged as another technique to achieve CRT via near physiologic activation of both ventricles through the native